South Africa’s revenue chief fears citizens could start withholding their tax payments due to years of corruption.

New Revenue Service (SARS) commissioner Edward Kieswetter, hired in March, told a tax conference in Johannesburg that falling trust in the collector by individuals and companies had led to rising levels of tax avoidance and fraud, bleeding billions from the government.

Africa’s most industrialized economy has seen revenue collection fall sharply since 2015 due to weak economic growth and maladministration. The situation forced President Cyril Ramaphosa to fire the revenue service boss last November in the wake of a judicial inquiry that has triggered an executive cleanout.

“When public trust wanes, as is the current case, then taxpayers feel morally justified to withhold or manipulate their taxes,” Kieswetter said.

“When revenue collection is undermined it traps us in a vicious cycle of revenue decline, as we’ve experienced, and consequently the need to go with begging bowls to borrow money, which effectively mortgages our future.”

Earlier in August, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) said the country’s debt levels had reached “uncomfortable” levels, but that the country had not yet reached the point of requiring a bailout.

But with economic growth flagging, contracting 3.2% in the first quarter, South Africa collected 1.287 trillion rand ($91 billion) in tax in the 2018/19 fiscal year, 15 billion rand short of the government’s target, and is likely to miss its 2019/20 target of 1.4 trillion rand.

An extra 59 billion rand of financial support for state power firm Eskom, on top of a 230 billion rand bailout spread over the next decade, is set to push the 2019/20 budget deficit beyond the 4.5% of gross domestic product forecast by the treasury.